Levelised cost of heating and cooling in mild climates

Notes

Notes: Air‐to-air = air‐to‐air heat pump; Elec. heat = electric resistance heater; AC = air conditioner; Gas = gas condensing boiler. The levelised cost of heating and cooling estimates the average cost of providing 1 MWh of heating or cooling over the lifetime of the equipment, considering the capital cost of the equipment and installation; operating expenditures include the cost of fuel and regular maintenance. The analysis assumes heating and cooling degree days of one representative, mild‐climate city in each representative country, then uses average energy prices in that country. For mild climates, we use Washington, D.C., Kyoto, Rome and Shanghai. Medium market prices for the equipment and projected fuel costs under the APS have been used. A lifetime of 17 years is assumed for gas boilers, 15 years for air‐to‐air heat pumps. Electric resistance heaters and air conditioners are assumed to have a lifetime of 10 years.